Извини за задержку с ответом, были проблемы с Интернетом.
Интрига не моя, а если внимательно читать то это цитата с форума с сообщения Сергея из Славянска Донецкой области про пепино-гиганты.
Всех выращивающих пепино с Новым 2008 годом и желаю получить в новом году плоды в домашних условиях! Кстати на вид ДЖЕМ ИЗ ПЕПИНО очень привлекательный, а есть ли правильный рецепт его пригоготовления?
И почему в поллитровой банке такое расслоение по цвету, сверху что дёготь?
И к тем, кто уже варил джем из пепино, какой он на вкус? И можно ли его в хлебопечке приготовить?
(статья из журнала «Приусадебное хозяйство»
№ 12, декабрь 2004г.)
Считаю, что пепино в средней полосе успеет созреть и налиться, если его выращивать не из семян, а из черенков. Чтобы их вовремя и в достаточном количестве заготовить, держу растения зимой в комнате. Для чего после съема плодов пересаживаю кусты пепино в 7-10-литровые ведра, на треть заполненные дренажом. Для подсыпки использую землю из этой же теплицы. До наступления холодов держу ведра в теплице между томатами и перцами. Затем удаляю тонкие, вытянувшиеся побеги, оставляя на кусте не более пяти, укорачиваю их до длины 60 см и переношу ведра с растениями пепино на окно. Поливаю редко, не подкармливаю.
В январе начинается рост почек. Опрыскиваю пепино раствором Эпина-Экстра, поливаю под корень микровитом, даю гуминовые препараты и включаю подсветку. Если побеги растут очень быстро, прищипываю макушки. Начиная с февраля до середины марта раз в неделю из верхней части куста выламываю пасынки. К каждому прикрепляю этикетку с названием сорта, высаживаю в стаканчик с землей, сверху накрываю банкой.
В апреле укорененные черенки пепино активно растут. Не даю им вытягиваться — подкармливаю фосфором и калием, проветриваю комнату, подсвечиваю рассаду, а если побег сильно тянется, то прищипываю его над цветочной кистью.
В мае начинается цветение пепино. В это время стараюсь, чтобы растениям хватало света (расставляю посвободнее) и температура была оптимальной для завязывания (18-20 гр.). В парник пересаживаю пепино уже с завязями в середине июня. В июле, когда начинается налив плодов, на каждом растении оставляю их не более 10. За растениями ухаживаю, как советовал «ПХ», и пепино успевает созреть до сентября. Однако сразу плоды пепино не едим, сначала выдерживаю их две недели на свету (на столе). А часть урожая заворачиваю в газетную бумагу и храню до ноября — декабря в холодильнике.
К.Попова, Клуб «Сеньор Помидор»
"Пепино зацвело один раз, потом второй и третий, но кроме цветочков, которые потом опадали, ничего не было. Потом вдруг оно начало пропадать, листики скручивались и оподали, и я решила (с болью в сердце) его выбросить, но оставила два черенка, которые уже подросли.Мне сказали, что их надо пасынковать и делать три ствола, но как это делать - я не знаю.
В природе пепино опыляют насекомые, а в доме (теплице) его цветочки для завязывания плодов приходится опылять искусственно: при зрелости пыльцы регулярно постукивайте (лучше это делать утром или в полдень) по опоре, к которой привязано растение, чтобы пыльца высыпалась и цветки таким образом опылялись.
При очень жаркой погоде цветки пепино опыляются хуже; также из-за этого и других неблагоприятных факторов растение может сбросить листья, но это не значит, что оно погибло и его нужно выбросить - растение живо, просто так оно реагирует на стресс. В благоприятных условиях у пепино опять отрастут новые побеги и листья.
Кустик пепино рекомендуется выращивать в 1-2-3 ствола (по желанию) - так плоды крупнее, они быстрее созревают. Пасынкуют пепино точно так же, как помидоры: нужно оставить на растении желаемое количество веток, а остальные побеги-пасынки удаляются."
Pepino
(Solanum muricatum)
Botanical name: Solanum muricatum Aiton, S. variegatum R. & P., S. pedunculatum Roem & Schult, S. guatemalense Hort.
Family: Solanaceae
Common names. English: pepino, sweet cucumber, pear melon; Quechua: cahum, xachum; Aymara: kachuma; Spanish: pepino, pepino dulce (Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia), mataserrano (central and southern Peru), peramelon (Canaries)
The pepino, Solanum muricatum, originates from the Andean region and has been domesticated since pre-Hispanic times. At present, it is known only as a cultivated species. Its names in native languages and representations on various ceramic objects of the Chimú and Paracas cultures are proof that it was a widespread and important crop in those days. This was not so during the settlement or the Republic. During the settlement, the Viceroy Melchor de Navarra, Count of la Palata, prohibited consumption of this fruit and gave it the pejorative name of "mataserrano" (highlander killer). The Spanish word pepino might have been intended to facilitate the introduction of Cucumis sativus L. (Cucurbitaceae), a species also known by this name, as the names have been confused since then. On the northern coast of Peru (in the Virú and Moche valleys), farmers believe that if pepinos are eaten after drinking liquor, death may result. Names and beliefs have contributed towards S. muricatum being grown in small areas and its introduction is still at the incipient stage. The situation is not the same in the countries where it has been introduced, however. Commercial crops produced with advanced technology are known in Chile, New Zealand and the United States (California) as a result of this fruit's acceptance on North American, European and Japanese markets.
Uses and applications
The fruit of S. muricatum is eaten ripe as a refreshing, quenching fruit after physical effort. Herdsmen of Moche and Virú take pepinos in knapsacks for eating during long treks through the desert.
Its yellowish white colour, with speckles and longitudinal lines, and its purple colour in the ripe state make the fruit attractive. Its smell and taste are pleasant because of their typical mild aroma and slightly sweet flavour. Its nutritional value is low but it is recognized for its diuretic properties, probably because of its high water content (90 percent) and good iodine content, for which it is recommended for treating goitre. It also contains 7 percent of carbohydrates and 29 mg per 100 g of vitamin C.
Botanical description
S. muricatum is a herbaceous plant of a very branching habit and with a woody base. It has abundant foliage, with simple or pinnate leaves (one to three pairs of folioles) and elliptical-lanceolate, strigose or glabrous laminae and folioles. The inflorescence is subterminal with few flowers. The flowers are pentamerous, the calyx persists on the fruit and the actinomorphous corolla is 2 cm in diameter and bluish in colour with whitish margins.
The stamens are shorter than the corolla. the anthers are yellow, connivent and dehiscent through apical pores. The style emerges slightly in between the anthers. The fruit is ovoid, conical to subspherical, and it may be with or without seeds.
Phenology. Plants propagated vegetatively grow quickly and begin to flower four or five months after sowing.
The biological cycle with this kind of propagation is as follows:
Cuttings taking root: this is very quick (10 to 15 days) in damp soil.
Vegetative growth: this is manifested by branches and leaves emerging in abundance and lasts three to 3.5 months.
Flowering and fruiting: this is abundant because of the number of branches and lasts 1.5 to 2.5 months.
Postharvest stage: this is a period of rest for the plant during which no branches or leaves are put out; it is the right time for taking cuttings for propagation and at the same time for pruning the plant.
Resprouting: with greater humidity, the plant begins a new phenological cycle.
Plants propagated by seed take longer to develop In spite of the fact that the plant is perennial, growers only avail themselves of two fruiting seasons. since fruit yield and quality subsequently diminish
The seeds' viability after removal from the fruit is not known but, in the vegetable gardens where they are grown, seedlings frequently appear. In the laboratory, seedlings have been obtained even after 15 to 20 days of seed drying.
Ecology and phytogeography
S. muricatum is a tropical species of temperate, mountain and coastal climates. In the Andean region, cultivation takes place in the inter-Andean valleys and on the western slopes, from 900 to approximately 2800 m. These boundaries are set within 24°C at the lower limit and 1 8°C at the upper limit, with an annual precipitation of between 500 and 800 mm. The climatic characteristics described correspond to the high part of the subtropical dry forest and the low dry mountain forest or to the high yungas and quechua of Peru. Coastal cultivation takes place south of lat. 7°S. during the autumn and winter when the temperature fluctuates between 21 and 17°C and atmospheric humidity increases as a result of mists and drizzle.
The original cultivation of S. muricatum extended along the Andes, from southern Colombia to Bolivia and the Peruvian coast. During the settlement, it was introduced into Mexico and Central America, where it was known as S guatemalense.
Genetic diversity
The species displays wide intraspecific variability, which has given rise to the aforementioned synonymy. Morphological variation is evident in the division of the leaf lamina (compound and simple), the pubescence of the stems and leaves (glabrous-strigose) and the shape, colour and consistency of the fruit. A physiological variation has been detected in the formation of the fruit and seeds, since there are certain biotypes that produce fruit after pollination and contain fertile seeds and others which, owing to the sterile pollen, form parthenocarpic fruit without seeds.
Correlations have not been established between the characteristics described, and they warrant specific research. Varieties and forms have been described. As regards varieties, Protogenum is characterized by compound leaves and Typica by simple leaves. Within the latter, the form glaberrimum, which has glabrous leaves, is distinctive.
Related wild species. This is a still undefined aspect. Research based on interspecific crossings reports S. muricatum with S. caripense H. & B. ex Dun., S. tabanoense Correll and S. trachycarpum Bitt & Sodiro. Of these, the first is regarded as having greater potential for such genetic affinity in that fertile hybrids have been obtained. There is less evidence in the case of' the other species but, in that of S. tabanoense, the origin of S. muricatum could be southern Colombia and Ecuador, since this is the natural area of distribution of the species to which it is related.
Known cultivars and centres of diversity. On the sierra of Cajamarca in Peru, the typical form of S. muricatum is found with regular frequency, with subspherical fruit, a pressed apex, and in a yellowish green colour with some purple speckles. On the Peruvian coast, the form glaberrimum has been found in pure and commercial crops, of which two cultivars can be distinguished:
Morado listado: This has dark green leaves. suberect branches and ovoid-conical fruit of variable size. It has a yellowish, very sweet mesocarp. This is the fruit most valued on the market.
Oreja de burro: This has light-green leaves and long branches; it is semi-prostrate, has elongated conical, large or medium fruit with little pigmentation (white pepino) and its mesocarp is sandy white and less sweet.
The variety Protogenum has been described in the case of Colombia and Ecuador, where cultivars are unknown. On the northern coast of Peru, a purple pepino is known, which is subspherical in shape and very sweet. The growers consulted say it has disappeared.
Living material needs to be collected through out the distribution area of S. muricatum in order to set up a gene bank.
Cultivation practices
Propagation is generally by cuttings. To prepare the cuttings, healthy, mature branches are selected and cut at a length of 30 to 35 cm. They are then left in the shade for two to three days to induce a slight dehydration and encourage rapid rooting. The soil, with sufficient humidity, is prepared by ploughing in furrows. After four to five days, the furrow is "cleared", which consists of breaking up the soil and deepening the furrows to achieve a good infiltration of water, without waterlogging the ridge. The cuttings are planted 50 cm apart under damp conditions, on the lower third of the side of the ridge. The distance between furrows is 80 cm.
Tillage consists of irrigation, hoeing and earthing up. Irrigation is frequent during the first few days after sowing and is then carried out at intervals as required. When the fruit is ripening. irrigation is suspended. Earthing up is carried out 30 to 35 days after sowing and is used to bury the fertilizer.
In Peru, S. muricatum is not grown very much commercially and the yield per unit of area is not known, nor is the extent of its cultivation.
Prospects for improvement
The limitations in the countries of origin are determined by:
the "social marginalization" of the fruit, which is the reason for its low consumption;
the underuse of genetic variability;
a lack of commercial techniques;
inadequate transportation of the fruit.
However, these limitations are not factors which definitively prevent extensive cultivation of S. muricatum. This is one of the native species with the greatest potential for overcoming its current marginalization, as the availability of fruit can easily be diversified and the potential for consumption and export widened.
Lines of research
Sustained promotion of S. muricatum cultivation must be based on a multidisciplinary research programme that includes:
botanical explorations within its primary distribution area that make it possible to recognize the extent of intraspecific variability and to define the centres of genetic diversity:
anatomical and morphological, floral biology and cytogenetic research to interpret ecophysiological behaviour and genetic variability;
research into phenology and agronomic cultivation techniques in various ecological areas in order to establish nutritional and health requirements and yield potential.
The lines of research must be orientated towards characterizing cultivars and setting up a gene bank.
The alternate use of vegetative and sexual propagation must be better exploited. Vegetative propagation is used to stabilize varietal forms and shorten the biological cycle and sexual propagation is used to promote genetic diversity.
The author of this chapter is I. Sánchez Vega (National University of Cajamarca, Peru).
Ирина писал(а):А пепино этот однолетнее растение? Или типа деревце?
Читал что 5 лет живет материнское растение, если его зимой не заморозить. Ствол одревесневает со временем. Так что в деревце можешь превратить. Смотри форум предыдущие страницы, там есть фото.
